Bone Marrow Transplant in India

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What is Bone Marrow Transplant?

A unique form of treatment for individuals grappling with specific illnesses or cancers is referred to as a bone marrow transplant (BMT). Also recognized as hematopoietic stem cell transplant or stem cell transplant, this procedure involves extracting cells located within the bone marrow's stem cells.

After filtration, these cells are reintroduced either to another individual or back to the donor (patient). The objective of BMT (bone marrow transplant) is to replace a patient's unhealthy bone marrow, which has been treated to eliminate abnormal cells, with healthy bone marrow cells. The following are diseases that can be effectively treated with BMT :

  • Some Solid Tumor Cancers
  • Leukemias
  • Multiple Myeloma
  • Severe Aplastic Anemia
  • Immune Deficiency Disorders
  • Lymphomas

Requirement of a Bone Marrow Transplant

A bone marrow transplant becomes necessary when the bone marrow stem cells are damaged by high doses of radiation therapy or chemotherapy. Additionally, it may be required when a disease has ravaged and depleted the bone marrow. BMT is employed for :

  • The substitution of a diseased bone marrow with a genetically healthy and functional one is undertaken to prevent further harm from a genetic disease process, such as adrenoleukodystrophy and Hurler's syndrome.
  • The replacement of non-functioning and diseased bone marrow with a healthy, functional one is carried out in specific conditions, such as sickle cell anemia, leukemia, and aplastic anemia.
  • Restoring the normal functioning of bone marrow after administering high doses of radiation therapy and chemotherapy for disease treatment is termed as "rescue." This procedure is employed in conditions like neuroblastoma and lymphoma.
  • Generating a new immune system to combat other cancers that remain unaffected by the radiation therapy or chemotherapy used in the transplant, as well as addressing residual or existing leukemia.

Different Types of Bone Marrow Transplants

Several types of bone marrow transplants exist, primarily contingent on the donor, and these include:

Allogeneic Bone Marrow Transplant : This procedure necessitates a genetic match between the donor and the patient. Stem cells are subsequently extracted through apheresis or bone marrow harvest from a genetically matched donor, typically a sibling.

Unrelated Bone Marrow Transplants : Genetically matched stem cells or marrow from an unrelated donor are provided. National bone marrow registries serve as sources for these types of donors.

A Parent : When the genetic match is only partially identical to the recipient, and one of the parents serves as the donor, it is referred to as a haploid-identical match.

Umbilical Cord Blood Transplant : Immediately following the delivery of an infant, stem cells are extracted from the umbilical cord. These cells subsequently develop into functional and mature blood cells that are more potent compared to stem cells obtained from the bone marrow of other adults or children.

Autologous Bone Marrow Transplant : In this type of transplant, the patient serves as their own donor. Stem cells are extracted from the patient through apheresis or bone marrow harvest, preserved by freezing, and then reintroduced to the patient. This process is referred to as "rescue."

When do people need stem cell transplants?

A bone marrow transplant becomes necessary for specific reasons. A standard bone marrow transplant can be administered to individuals :

  • Patients experiencing a genetic disease that could impact various organs in the body.
  • Patients whose bone marrow has undergone damage due to radiation therapy and chemotherapy used in cancer treatment.
  • Patients whose bone marrow stem cells are flawed or abnormal.
  • Patients who, despite their underlying condition, are generally in good health.

Bone Marrow Transplant Procedure

The success of a bone marrow transplant hinges on various factors, including a patient's ability to withstand specific medications, the type of transplant, and the underlying disease necessitating the transplant. The procedure encompasses the following :

  • The preparation for a bone marrow transplant necessitates high doses of radiation therapy and/or chemotherapy. This is essential not only for treating a specific disease but also to create ample space in the bone marrow for the development of new cells. This therapy is termed myeloablative or ablative due to its impact on the bone marrow. The majority of blood cells in the body are generated by the bone marrow. When the ablative or myeloablative therapy halts cell production, the marrow becomes vacant. This empty marrow provides the necessary environment for the new stem cells to grow and establish themselves as a new blood cell production system.
  • The marrow transplant is delivered through a central venous catheter into the bloodstream following the administration of radiation therapy and/or chemotherapy. Unlike a surgical procedure, this process is non-invasive. The stem cells initiate their journey into the bone marrow, where they begin to develop into healthy blood cells.
  • Post-transplant, supportive care is provided to prevent complications, infections, and side effects. This care includes maintaining a sterile environment, regular blood tests, daily weigh-ins, meticulous tracking of fluid intake and output, and vigilant monitoring of vital signs.

Cost of Bone Marrow Transplant in India

The cost of a bone marrow transplant in India is relatively economical compared to other popular medical tourism destinations. Accommodations, travel, and facilities at top-notch hospitals in India are affordable in comparison to Western countries.

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